CBD in oncology – the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in the cancer patients care

Introduction

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of cannabinoids, especially CBD (cannabidiol) and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), in supporting the treatment of cancer patients. Although cannabinoids were once on the fringes of medical interest, recent research indicates their multiple therapeutic potential, which goes beyond symptom relief and enters the realm of possible influence on the tumor process itself.

In addition to CBD and THC, other phytocannabinoids present in hemp are also being investigated, such as CBG (cannabigerol), CBC (cannabichromene) and CBN (cannabinol), all of which act together through the endocannabinoid system (ECS) – a natural regulatory system in our body that participates in maintaining balance (homeostasis), especially in the context of pain, inflammation, immunity and neurological functions.

Antitumor effects – can CBD affect the growth of malignant cells?

The overlap between CBD and oncology is receiving the most attention due to its potential antitumor effect. Although the evidence is mostly from preclinical studies (in cells and animal models), the results are intriguing enough to prompt further research.

Key mechanisms:

🔹 Apoptosis – Cannabinoids, particularly CBD and THC, can induce programmed cell death in tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. This process occurs by activating CB1 and CB2 receptors, which trigger signaling pathways within tumor cells and lead to their “self-destruction”.

🔹 Angiogenesis inhibition – Tumors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels to obtain oxygen and nutrients. CBD, THC, CBG and CBC can inhibit this process, thereby limiting tumor growth and spread.

🔹 Metastasis reduction – Cannabidiol (CBD) reduces the expression of the ID-1 gene, which is associated with aggressive forms of cancer such as breast cancer. Inhibition of this gene can slow the spread of tumor cells to other tissues.

🔹 Autophagy induction – Autophagy is the process by which cells “clean” themselves of damage. Cannabinoids can stimulate this process in tumor cells, which can lead to their weakening and death.

Pain relief – cannabinoids as a complement to analgesia

Oncological pain can be complex – it occurs as a result of tumor growth, nerve damage, metastasis, surgery or treatment. Many patients take opioids, but their long-term use carries the risk of side effects such as constipation, nausea, sedation and addiction.

How do cannabinoids help?

• CBD acts on CB2 receptors, thereby reducing inflammation and relieving neuropathic pain

• THC acts on CB1 receptors in the brain and spinal cord, alleviating pain perception

• A combination of cannabinoids may allow for a reduction in opioid doses, thereby reducing the risk of side effects and improving quality of life

  
  

Nausea and vomiting – common side effects of chemotherapy

Chemotherapy often causes nausea and vomiting, which can lead to dehydration, malnutrition and discontinuation of therapy.

• THC acts on CB1 receptors in the brain, blocking the vomiting center

• CBD additionally relieves nausea by modulating serotonin receptors (5-HT1A), which enhances the antiemetic effect

  
  

Some patients who have not responded sufficiently to classic antiemetics have reported significant improvement with the addition of CBD and THC.

Loss of appetite and cachexia

Loss of appetite and cachexia (severe loss of muscle mass) are common in advanced cancer patients and are associated with poorer outcomes.

• THC stimulates appetite via CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus

• CBG and CBC support metabolic processes and have anti-inflammatory effects, which further helps with cachexia

  
  

Anti-inflammatory effects and immune support

Chronic inflammation is one of the mechanisms that promotes tumor growth and spread. Cannabinoids can have an anti-inflammatory effect, modulating the activity of cytokines (inflammatory substances produced by the body) and immune cells.

• CBD and CBG reduce the level of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6

• THC and CBC act on immune receptors, balancing the body's response and potentially improving anti-tumor immunity

  
  

Psychological support - anxiety, depression, insomnia

The psychological aspects of the disease often remain in the shadow of physical symptoms, but depression, anxiety and insomnia can seriously impair the quality of life of oncology patients.

• CBD has anxiolytic effects – it increases serotonin and dopamine levels, hormones that regulate mood

• CBN and lower doses of THC can help improve sleep quality, especially in patients with nocturnal anxiety

  
  

Choosing a preparation – an individual approach

There are several different formulations of cannabinoid preparations on the market, which differ in the ratio of CBD to THC, the presence of other cannabinoids (CBG, CBC, CBN) and the method of administration. Each formulation can have specific effects and purposes – for example, some are more focused on pain control, others on relieving nausea, stimulating appetite or supporting the immune system.

Therefore, it is important that a doctor or other professional recommends the most appropriate preparation and method of administration for an individual patient. When choosing, the quality of the product, laboratory testing and availability in pharmacies should also be taken into account, which ensures safety and confidence in the therapy. In this context, Phytocana products, the only ones available in Croatian pharmacies, are often highlighted as a reliable choice, which is crucial for patients who are candidates for this therapeutic approach, in order to avoid potential adverse effects that are not uncommon with unregulated and unreliable "homemade" preparations.

In conclusion

Although the application of CBD and other cannabinoids in oncology is still an area that requires additional clinical research, there are numerous reasons for optimism. Their ability to affect pain, nausea, appetite, inflammation, emotions, and even tumor cells themselves makes them valuable additions to an integrative approach to cancer treatment.

CBD is not considered a substitute for conventional treatment, but it can be a useful addition to medical supervision, especially when it comes to controlling symptoms and improving quality of life.

Note: Before taking any products containing CBD, THC, or other cannabinoids, patients are advised to consult with an oncologist or family doctor, especially due to possible interactions with other medications.

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