Paraneoplastic syndromes are a set of symptoms and clinical signs that arise as an indirect consequence of a malignant tumor, and not due to its local presence, pressure, growth or metastases.

Liver cancer, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), often develops on the background of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Therefore, when planning therapy for patients with HCC, it is not enough to assess only the stage of the tumor, but also the functional status of the liver. The Child-Pugh score plays a key role in this, a simple but extremely important clinical scale that helps determine the prognosis and make therapeutic decisions.

A biopsy involves taking a tissue sample from a suspicious lesion or organ in order to analyze its structure and cellular composition. There are several types of biopsies, including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, wide-needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy. The choice of method depends on the localization of the suspicious formation, its size, accessibility, and suspicion of a certain type of disease.

Stage indicates the extent of spread of malignant disease, and its determination helps in understanding the disease progression, predicting patient survival, planning optimal treatment, and finding potential clinical trials in which the patient could be included.

Sometimes the simple things we do in our own lives and for our own health can have long-term positive effects. One of these is joining a colon cancer screening program. A very simple stool test for occult blood is truly a test that can save your life.

Tumor markers are biomarkers that can be found in the blood (most often), urine or tissues of people who have a malignant disease. There are several types of markers, and each one is related to a specific tumor or group of malignant tumors, and they are used in oncology to detect the presence and activity of the disease.

If you are suspected of having cancer based on your symptoms or the results of an early cancer screening test, your doctor will refer you for further testing. The testing will include a physical exam that includes a personal and family medical history, laboratory tests, imaging tests, and other diagnostic tests if necessary. In most cases, a biopsy will be needed to definitively confirm the diagnosis.

Malignant diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, but these symptoms are most often a sign of another disease or injury, not cancer, i.e. they are not specific to cancer. Malignant diseases themselves usually do not cause any symptoms in the initial stages , which is the greatest diagnostic challenge in early detection of this disease.

Breast cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer affecting women worldwide. While most cases of breast cancer are sporadic, which means they occur by chance, some patients have a hereditary form of this disease.